{"id":200,"date":"2013-05-13T11:52:22","date_gmt":"2013-05-13T11:52:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/blog.survio.com\/?p=200"},"modified":"2021-10-04T10:53:43","modified_gmt":"2021-10-04T10:53:43","slug":"quantitative-research-survey-problem-formulation","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/quantitative-research-2-formulating-a-research-problem","title":{"rendered":"Quantitative Research 2 &#8211; Formulating a Research Problem"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2><b>Formulating a Research Problem<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Welcome to our article discussing how to formulate a research problem. Strictly on their own, research problems are meaningless. Because of this, they <strong>must always be related to a specific topic<\/strong> that one wants to study. A research problem should be formulated using questions that are used to describe the given topic and from which you can then deduce certain hypotheses.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"block block-example\">\n<p><em><b>Example:<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Problem <\/i><\/b><i>&#8211;<\/i><b><i>\u00a0<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Lack of customers at a caf\u00e9<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Research question <\/i><\/b><i>&#8211;\u00a0<\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are customers satisfied with the services at the caf\u00e9?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Hypothesis <\/i><\/b><i>&#8211;\u00a0<\/i><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If customers are dissatisfied with services at the caf\u00e9, they will not come there.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We will continue on towards the units for correctly formulating a research problem, which are:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Decomposing the topic<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (breaking down the topic into individual elements)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Hypotheses<\/b><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Variable types*<\/b><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h2><b>Decomposing the Topic<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposition\u2014the division of a topic into its component elements\u2014is closely connected with the correct creation of research questions. Thanks to decomposition, you can put together \u201cspecifying\u201d questions, with which you will describe the research problem better and then resolve it more successfully. Take care not to ask too many such questions, because they can make your research problem too tangled. Always try to focus only on the main areas and describe those briefly!<\/span><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"block block-example\">\n<p><em><b>Example:<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Problem<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014Lack of customer interest in a travel agency<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Research question<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014Are our clients satisfied with the travel agency\u2019s services?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Specifying questions:<\/i><\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are clients satisfied with our sales agents?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are clients satisfied with our transport?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are clients satisfied with the trips themselves?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Decomposing a topic is also decisive for going on to correctly compose a hypothesis on the current state of the research problem and write questions for respondents.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<h2>Hypotheses<\/h2>\n<p><strong>You could say that a hypothesis is a proposed prerequisite for the current state of the \u201cproject\u201d\u2014a prerequisite that you are trying to confirm or deny with your research.<\/strong> Forming hypotheses is the next-to-last step towards designing the survey itself. Forming a hypothesis comes after getting to know the problem, defining the research question, and decomposing that question.<\/p>\n<p><strong>When forming hypotheses, it is always appropriate to start from available and relevant data and predefined research questions.<\/strong> Then you just need to make use of this information to form hypotheses that you want to confirm or deny.<\/p>\n\n<div class=\"block block-example\">\n<p><em><b>Example:<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Problem:<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> After the car repair shop was reconstructed, fewer people went there. <\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Research question:<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Are customers satisfied with the shop\u2019s services?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Decomposition of the research question:<\/i><\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are customers satisfied with the new repair prices? <\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Are customers satisfied with the waiting time for repairs, which has increased since the reconstruction?<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Hypotheses:<\/i><\/b>\n<ol>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Customers are avoiding the car repair shop due to the increased price for repairs.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Customers are avoiding the car repair shop due to the now-increased waiting time.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><em><b>Examples of defined hypotheses:<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Example 1:<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A restaurant owner believes that his customers are extremely satisfied with the quality of the restaurant\u2019s food. He will confirm or deny this belief through research.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Example 2:<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> A library is visited by university students. The director believes that higher education positively influences the frequency of library visits. She will confirm or deny this belief through research.<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Example 3:<\/i><\/b><i> A company\u2019s owners believe that customers would appreciate the option to make purchases over the internet. He will confirm or deny this belief through research.<\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<h2><b>Variable Types<\/b><\/h2>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In quantitative research, a variable means a property within a research question that can take on <strong>different values<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"block block-example\">\n<p><em><b>Example:<\/b><\/em><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Question: <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">How old are you?<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (this question contains a <\/span><b>property<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that can take on different <\/span><b>values<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">)<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Value \u2013 <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">10-20<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Value \u2013 <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">21-40<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Value \u2013 <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">41-60<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b><i>Value \u2013 <\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">61+<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variables are mainly used in questionnaires that are then statistically evaluated and edited into the form of graphs.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter size-full wp-image-209\" title=\"research-problem-variable\" src=\"\/en\/blog\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/05\/research-problem-variable.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"558\" height=\"228\" \/><\/p>\n<p>Before you start <a title=\"Create online questionnaire free\" href=\"\/\/www.survio.com\/en\/create-online-questionnaire\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">creating your questionnaire<\/a>,\u00a0<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">you should know that various types of variables exist, and they are not the same. Variables are classified into three groups by the values they can take on:<\/span><\/p>\n\n<ol>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Interval (cardinal) <\/b><b><i>\u2013<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> The value is a number, which you can compare with other numbers easily and determine by how much they differ. <\/span><b>Age<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>pay<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> belong in this category.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Nominal <\/b><b><i>\u2013<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Nominal values are generally expressed in words. These include, for example, <\/span><b>gender<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or<\/span><b> marital status <\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(male\/female, single\/married).<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><b>Ordinal <\/b><b><i>\u2013<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> Ordinal values may also be expressed in words, but unlike nominal values, they can be put in order. However, the amount by which they differ cannot be determined precisely. An example would be<\/span><b> level of education <\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(high school \/ university).<\/span><\/i><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p><b>The next piece in this series covers sample selection, which is the last step before the actual process of asking respondents questions.<\/b><\/p>\n<p><b>If you have any questions, suggestions, or remarks (on this series or otherwise), please don\u2019t hesitate to contact us via<\/b><strong>\u00a0<a title=\"Survio Official Facebook Page\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/theSurvio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Facebook<\/a>, <a title=\"Follow Survio on Twitter\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/theSurvio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">Twitter<\/a>, <a title=\"Survio Official G+ Page\" href=\"https:\/\/plus.google.com\/114927814960731012065\/posts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">G+<\/a> or\u00a0<a title=\"Contact us\" href=\"https:\/\/www.survio.com\/en\/contact\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">e-mail<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n<div class=\"block block-keywords\">\n<h2>Glossary<\/h2>\n<ul>\n \t<li><b>Variable<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014a property that you are measuring, which can be expressed via specific values<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b>Decomposition<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014the dividing of a topic or area into components<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b>Hypothesis<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014the prerequisite for research (can be confirmed or denied)<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b>Respondent<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014a survey participant who answers questions<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<div class=\"post-excerpt\">Formulating a Research Problem Welcome to our article discussing how to formulate a research problem. Strictly on their own, research problems are meaningless. Because of this, they must always be related to a specific topic&hellip;<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":4091,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"rank_math_lock_modified_date":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[79],"class_list":["post-200","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-how-to-create-a-survey","tag-quantitative-research"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=200"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3851,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/200\/revisions\/3851"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4091"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=200"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=200"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/blog-en.survio.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=200"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}